ADC and DAC basics
Ideal code/voltage conversion with explicit unipolar, offset-binary or two’s-complement coding.
Development preview. Check the assumptions below before relying on a result. Calculations run in your browser.
How it calculates
Model: q=FSR/2^N; ideal nearest-code conversion; code voltage uses q spacing (not FSR/(2^N−1)).
Assumptions
- Bipolar span is −FSR/2 to +FSR/2−1 LSB. Two’s-complement input is the raw unsigned bit word.
- Voltage-to-code rounds to nearest reconstruction level and saturates at endpoint codes; exact half-LSB ties round toward positive infinity. Quantisation-noise RMS assumes an adequately varying uncorrelated input.
Worked example
These are the calculator's default inputs. Change any input above to recalculate.
Inputs
- Conversion
- voltage-to-code
- Code convention
- unipolar
- Resolution
- 12
- Full-scale voltage span
- 3.3 V
- Input voltage
- 1.65 V
- Raw unsigned code word
- 2048
Results
- Raw unsigned code
- 2048
- LSB size
- 0.000805664 V
- Signed code interpretation
- 2048
- Code voltage
- 1.65 V
- Reconstruction minus input
- 0 V
- Ideal quantisation RMS
- 0.000232575 V
- Minimum code voltage
- 0 V
- Maximum code voltage
- 3.29919 V